General Ambrose Burnside in the Civil War

General Ambrose Burnside in the Civil War The fourth of nine children, Ambrose Everett Burnside was born to Edghill and Pamela Burnside of Liberty, Indiana on May 23, 1824. His family had moved to Indiana from South Carolina shortly before his birth. As they were members of the Society of Friends, which opposed slavery, they felt they could no longer live in the South. As a young boy, Burnside attended Liberty Seminary until his mothers death in 1841. Cutting short his education, Burnsides father apprenticed him to a local tailor. West Point Learning the trade, Burnside elected to utilize his fathers political connections in 1843, to obtain an appointment to the US Military Academy. He did so despite his pacifist Quaker upbringing. Enrolling at West Point, his classmates included Orlando B. Willcox, Ambrose P. Hill, John Gibbon, Romeyn Ayres, and Henry Heth. While there he proved a middling student and graduated four years later ranked 18th in a class of 38. Commissioned as a brevet second lieutenant, Burnside received an assignment to the 2nd US Artillery. Early Career Sent to Vera Cruz to take part in the Mexican-American War, Burnside joined his regiment but found that the hostilities had largely been concluded. As a result, he and the 2nd US Artillery were assigned to garrison duty in Mexico City. Returning to the United States, Burnside served under Captain Braxton Bragg with the 3rd US Artillery on the Western Frontier. A light artillery unit that served with the cavalry, the 3rd helped protect the routes west. In 1949, Burnside was wounded in the neck during a fight with the Apaches in New Mexico. Two years later, he was promoted to first lieutenant. In 1852, Burnside returned east and assumed command of Fort Adams at Newport, RI. Private Citizen On April 27, 1852, Burnside married Mary Richmond Bishop of Providence, RI. The following year, he resigned his commission from the army (but remained in the Rhode Island Militia) to perfect his design for a breech-loading carbine. This weapon used a special brass cartridge (also designed by Burnside) and did not leak hot gas like many other breech-loading designs of the time. In 1857, Burnsides carbine won a competition at West Point against a multitude of competing designs. Establishing the Burnside Arms Company, Burnside succeeded in obtaining a contract from Secretary of War John B. Floyd to equip the US Army with the weapon. This contract was broken when Floyd was bribed to use another arms maker. Shortly thereafter, Burnside ran for Congress as a Democrat and was defeated in a landslide. His election loss, coupled with a fire at his factory, led to his financial ruin and forced him to sell the patent for his carbine design. The Civil War Begins Moving west, Burnside secured employment as the treasurer of the Illinois Central Railroad. While there, he became friendly with George B. McClellan. With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Burnside returned to Rhode Island and raised the 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry. Appointed its colonel on May 2, he traveled to Washington, DC with his men and quickly rose to brigade command in the Department of Northeast Virginia. He led the brigade at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, and was criticized for committing his men piecemeal. Following the Union defeat, Burnsides 90-day regiment was mustered out of service and he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on August 6. After serving in a training capacity with the Army of the Potomac, he was given command of the North Carolina Expeditionary Force at Annapolis, MD. Sailing for North Carolina in January 1862, Burnside won victories at Roanoke Island and New Bern in February and March. For these achievements, he was promoted to major general on March 18. Continuing to expand his position through the late spring of 1862, Burnside was preparing to launch a drive on Goldsborough when he received orders to bring part of his command north to Virginia. Army of the Potomac With the collapse of McClellans Peninsula Campaign in July, President Abraham Lincoln offered Burnside command of the Army of the Potomac. A humble man who understood his limitations, Burnside declined citing a lack of experience. Instead, he retained command of IX Corps which he had led in North Carolina. With the Union defeat at Second Bull Run that August, Burnside was again offered and again declined command of the army. Instead, his corps was assigned to the Army of the Potomac and he was made commander of the armys right wing consisting of IX Corps, now led by Major General Jesse L. Reno, and Major General Joseph Hookers I Corps. Serving under McClellan, Burnsides men took part in the Battle of South Mountain on September 14. In the fighting, I and IX Corps attacked at Turners and Foxs Gaps.   In the fighting, Burnsides men pushed back the Confederates but Reno was killed. Three days later at the Battle of Antietam, McClellan separated Burnsides two corps during the fight with Hookers I Corps ordered to the northern side of the battlefield and IX Corps ordered south. Antietam Assigned to capture a key bridge at the south end of the battlefield, Burnside refused to relinquish his higher authority and issued orders through the new IX Corps commander, Brigadier General Jacob D. Cox, despite the fact that the unit was the only one under his direct control. Failing to scout the area for other crossing points, Burnside moved slowly and focused his attack on the bridge which led to increased casualties. Due to his tardiness and the time needed to take the bridge, Burnside was unable to exploit his success once the crossing was taken and his advance was contained by Major General A.P. Hill. Fredericksburg In the wake of Antietam, McClellan was again sacked by Lincoln for failing to pursue General Robert E. Lees retreating army. Turning to Burnside, the president pressured the uncertain general into accepting command of the army on November 7. A week later, he approved Burnsides plan for taking Richmond which called for a rapid movement to Fredericksburg, VA with the goal of getting around Lee. Initiating this plan, Burnsides men beat Lee to Fredericksburg, but squandered their advantage while waiting for pontoons to arrive to facilitate crossing the Rappahannock River. Unwilling to push across local fords, Burnside delayed allowing Lee to arrive and fortify the heights west of the town. On December 13, Burnside assaulted this position during the Battle of Fredericksburg. Repulsed with heavy losses, Burnside offered to resign, but was refused. The next month, he attempted a second offensive which bogged down due to heavy rains. In the wake of the Mud March, Burnside asked that several officers who were openly insubordinate be court-martialed or he would resign. Lincoln elected for the latter and Burnside was replaced with Hooker on January 26, 1863. Department of the Ohio Not wishing to lose Burnside, Lincoln had him re-assigned to IX Corps and placed in command of the Department of the Ohio. In April, Burnside issued the controversial General Order No. 38 which made it a crime to express any opposition to the war. That summer, Burnsides men were key in the defeat and capture of the Confederate raider Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan. Returning to offensive action that fall, Burnside led a successful campaign which captured Knoxville, TN. With the Union defeat at Chickamauga, Burnside was attacked by the Confederate corps of Lieutenant General James Longstreet. A Return East Defeating Longstreet outside Knoxville in late November, Burnside was able aid in the Union victory at Chattanooga by preventing the Confederate corps from reinforcing Braggs army. The following spring, Burnside and IX Corps were brought east to aid in Lieutenant General Ulysses Grants Overland Campaign. Initially reporting directly to Grant as he outranked the Army of the Potomacs commander, Major General George Meade, Burnside fought at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania in May 1864. In both cases he failed to distinguish himself and often was reluctant to fully engage his troops. Failure at the Crater Following the battles at North Anna and Cold Harbor, Burnsides corps entered the siege lines at Petersburg. As the fighting stalemated, men from IX Corps 48th Pennsylvania Infantry proposed digging a mine under the enemy lines and detonating a massive charge to create a gap through which Union troops could attack. Approved by Burnside, Meade, and Grant, the plan went forward. Intending to use a division of specially trained black troops for the assault, Burnside was told hours before the attack to use white troops. The resulting Battle of the Crater was a disaster for which Burnside was blamed and relieved of his command on August 14. Later Life Placed on leave, Burnside never received another command and left the army on April 15, 1865. A simple patriot, Burnside never engaged in the political scheming or backbiting that was common to many commanders of his rank. Well aware of his military limitations, Burnside was repeatedly failed by the army which should never have promoted him command positions. Returning home to Rhode Island, he worked with various railroads and later served as governor and a US senator before dying of angina on September 13, 1881.

Signal Words - The Most Comprehensive Guideline

Signal Words - The Most Comprehensive Guideline Compare And Contrast Signal Words Writing is a very complicated process, which involves multiple stages and requires lots of elements to be combined and twisted in a single drawing. Writing can also be called a sort of communication because an author aims to communicate his or her ideas in various ways. That is why, if you want to render your thoughts in a clear and engaging manner, you may surely need signal words. They are like road signs, mapping the text and connecting its parts together. They are also called transition words and aim to combine different parts of sentences or two paragraphs. Signal words types There are many types of signal words, so you need to get familiar with all of them in order to apply properly and not to confuse the reader. Emphasis words Every writing contains multiple ideas. Some of them are central, while the rest are not so important. However, there are no universal ideas, which are equally important to each and every person on Earth. Of course, global warming is a very important topic but there are still many people, who don’t believe in it.  That is why the significance of an idea depends on the author’s thoughts and the context. That is when emphasis words come in hand. They help the reader to understand what the author finds important. In such a way they get an image what side the writer is on and what his opinion on the topic is. For example: The only effective weapon to fight corruption in countries of the third word is a political command. Through such words, we understand that the author distinguishes political approach among other ways of fighting corruption. Additional words When such words are used at the beginning of the sentence, it means that the writer will be providing several arguments on the same topic. Such additional words include first, for one thing and others. For example, first of all, you need to approach your professor and ask for specific recommendations. There are also additional words, which can be used to continue the thought: in addition, moreover, secondly and so on. Words, which are used at the end of the sentence, include finally and last of all. Contrast and comparison words Such words are among the most popular ones because they help to point on differences and similarities of two various items. Comparison words: equally, likewise, just as and much more. For example, A political command is very important in dealing with corruption, just as obeying the laws. Contrast words indicate thoughts’ changes of the author. They show that the writer is willing to move in a different direction from the thoughts, which were expressed before. This is when words like but, however, still, conversely and others are used. For example: I love traveling to other states, however, I would never leave California for good. Illustration words Such words are used, when the author wants to give an example of the thought or idea, which they render. Illustration words include for instance, for example, such as, to depict and so on. For example: There are many ways we can show our affection, such as physical presence, gifts, sweet words and much more. Cause and effect signal words When using such words, the author signals that he or she is willing to mention the results of the concept, which were stated before. Examples of such words include, therefore, as a result, because and others. For example: Political command is crucial in fighting corruption because politicians are the ones, who make the policy. Final thoughts As you see from examples above, signal words bear such a name, because they act like signals of which direction the author is willing to move. They help the reader to acquire new information and follow the author’s thoughts. Importance of signal words is obvious, so you need to adapt them in your texts in order to create a strong, clear and readable text.

The Role of Leaders in Harnessing the Individual Qualities of Members Research Paper

The Role of Leaders in Harnessing the Individual Qualities of Members on a Team - Research Paper Example Motivation has been explained to be a reactive mechanism to a reinforcement that people receive in a workplace context (Kerzner, 2003). This means that motivation is a way that people respond to reinforcement to give off their best at work. Motivation, therefore, needs to be triggered by something. In most organizational settings, the word motivation is used to refer to the desire that people should have to put up their best to ensure improved productivity. A worker who is result oriented and normally seen to be on top of his or her job and delivering up to expectation or beyond is therefore seen to be a highly motivated person. It is in this direction that Cherry (2011) explains that â€Å"motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviours.† From her definition, it can be seen that motivation actually sets the pace for success as it initiatives goal-oriented behaviours. Motivation also serves as roadmap or yardstick to success a s it guides goal-oriented behaviours. Motivation also acts as an agent of preservation of success as it maintains goal-oriented behaviours. The absence of motivation is, therefore, tantamount to haphazardness at the workplace as it eliminates clear cut focus and goal-oriented behaviour from the organisation. All organisation and institutions are set up with a basic principle of achieving something positive. It is in line with this that there are often mission statements and vision statements for all well-meaning organisations. But in order to achieve the overall mission or vision set by any given organisation, it is very important that a series of projects and tasks are delivered.

Money versus Religious Object Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Money versus Religious Object - Essay Example I have a parachute and obviously money would mean I will be able to buy anything I longed for. Money in itself serves as a religious object. Evidently, benefits of the $10 million will be more compared to the one for the religious object.In my economical perspective, money is the stronghold of my survival and this is why I have chosen to go for the $10 million. It is not that I am not religious. Good life is proportionally related to the money one has in this world. Everyone in this world longs and works hard to get more and more money. This is because they have a longing for something money provides. In this regard, I believe to some people money serves as a religion. This is so because it controls and manipulates people towards doing some things they were not likely to do. In order to maintain order and a sense of belongingness in a community, money is a pre-requisite. I choose the $10 million dollars not only for a good life but also for respect in society. I chose it because I al so have dreams that I ought to make a reality. I believe money is just a need and would not overcome my religion. I do perceive it differently in my case. I cannot enslave and misuse humanity since I have all the money in the world. I envision a sense of purpose when I have the $10 million dollars and not the religious object. The advantage about the $10 million dollars is that given I use it wisely, I will generate more and more of it and this will boost my survival instincts and that of the society as a whole.

Aspiring Education Essay Example for Free

Aspiring Education Essay Education is a must on every people’s lives, a requirement for a person to be successful in life. We can all remember how our parents scold as, as we disobeyed on what they are telling us to do. My parents inspire me about education. Both of them finished high school and graduated in college; my father graduate with a Master’s Degree while my mother has a Bachelor’s Degree. They struggled so hard to be successful, so my siblings and I will have a healthier life, a better house, family and a brighter education. In this quote Chanakya said, â€Å"Education is the best friend. An educated person is respected everywhere. Education beats the beauty and the youth.† Chanakya interprets that it is the most powerful and the best treasure in all things that you will achieve in life. Education is intensely vital; it can strongly provide one with priceless life opportunities, ultimately save one from a life of agony, and powerfully free those who are understated. In â€Å"Straw into Gold,† Sandra Cisneros emphasizes sharply that education opens doors, gives one perspective, and provides one with valuable life opportunities. For instance, she openly explains, â€Å"I had the same sick feeling when I was required to write my critical essay for the MFA exam – the only piece of noncreative writing necessary in order to get my graduate degree.† Sandra conveys the idea that she still continue to pursue her education even though she knows that she can fail anytime. The author suggests that you have to keep going even though you know that you will fail. Further, she later explains, â€Å"Along the way there has been straw for the taking. With a little imagination, it can be spun into gold.† Sandra articulates the idea that we can create a better person in ourselves if we allow education to permit to take a hold of us. The author suggests that even with a little imagination you can achieve your dream. Therefore, in her narr ative, Cisneros ultimately reveals that we just need to turn our dreams  into reality. In â€Å"Learning to Read and Write,† Frederick Douglass emphasizes that education is the key to freedom. For example, he explains, â€Å"Under its influences, the tender heart became stone, and the lamblike disposition gave way to a tiger-like fierceness.† Douglass conveys the idea that his once gentle mistress transformed into a cruel woman who did not want him to get educated. The author suggests that his mistress became gullible to the ignorant ideas about slavery. Further, he later explains, â€Å"The silver trump of freedom had roused my soul to eternal wakefulness.† Douglass implies the idea that he found a new hope of freedom to slavery that makes his soul to eternal wakefulness. The author suggests that if he has the determination and work-hard he will become a free person and not a slave. Thus, in his slave narrative, Douglass ultimately reinforces the concept that only education will provide one with liberty and self-determination. In â€Å"Superman and Me,† Sherman Alexie emphasizes that education can save one’s life. For example, he explains, â€Å"We were poor by most standards, but one of my parents usually managed to find some minimum wage job or another, which made us middle class by reservation standards. I had a brother and three sisters. We lived on a combination of irregular paychecks, hope, fear, and government surplus food.† Alexie express the idea that they’re living in poverty and they survived because of his parent’s minimum wage job. The author suggests that they still persist to live on a world of hope, fear, irregular paychecks, and government surplus food. Further, Alexie interprets, â€Å"I am smart. I am arrogant. I am lucky. I am trying to save our lives.† Alexie conveys the idea that he struggled, studied hard, and stood up just to save the other Indians and escape from the reservation. The author suggests that if you study hard you can get out, f rom the reservation, and be a free Indian. Thus, in his narrative, Alexie ultimately reinforces the concept that only education will provide one with valuable life opportunities. The three authors showed the different essential sides of education. Education is intensely vital; it can robustly provide one with  opportunities, ultimately save one from a life of misery, and mightily free those who are discreet. In this quote, Carl Rogers said, â€Å"The only person who is educated is the one who has learned how to learn.† Carl conveys that if you know how to listen, speak, read, and learned how to learn it means that you are an educated person. He also interprets that you will not be educated if you don’t know how to learn. Therefore, we should take advantage of education while it last.

Ice Wind-Dale by R.A Salvatore Essay -- English Literature

Ice Wind-Dale by R.A Salvatore A book I have read recently and enjoyed was "Ice Wind-Dale" by R.A Salvatore. I received this book as a present and was intimidated by its sheer size, but was blessed as it was the greatest book that I have ever read. It was the only book that has made me depressed because of finishing it and yet was still satisfied and not left wanting. Salvatore created the perfect setting, characters and plot to make the book so memorable. The plot is straight forward as the book is actually a trilogy, and so the story evolves from one book to the next. I will now take the three best features of this book being the setting, characters and plot explaining how it made the novel so incredibly complete. The first feature that I would like to discuss is the setting. "Ice Wind-Dale, a thousand square miles of barren broken tundra, has been described as one of the most unwelcoming lands in all the realms" Right at the start of the novel we are given a vivid picture of this province. This makes you feel more at home with the plot as we now understand the land our adventurers must traverse. Salvatore manages to emphasise this description by using subtle techniques like personification in the word "unwelcoming" and alliteration in the words "barren broken" This all adds to the completeness or wholeness of the novel. By creating the perfect setting you then enhance the plot therefore making the characters more memorable. This leads me to the next feature of the novel, the characters. "Drizzit du-urden trotted along silently, his soft low cut boots barely stirring the dust. He kept the cowl of his brown cloak pulled low over the flowing waves of his dark white hair and moved with such effortless grace that an onlooker... ...s of invaders with fiery eyes, watching as the battle was about was about to commence..." I remember it being about four o'clock in the morning when I read that excerpt. I simply could not put it down. It filled me with such suspense that by putting the book down at that point would have felt sinful. I had to read on. It is points like that in this novel that makes it so incredibly complete and satisfying. In conclusion R.A Salvatore created an extremely well crafted novel concentrating only on the features relevant to the story, these being the setting, characters and plot (unlike "Lord of the Rings" which is full of sub-plots and hidden themes). By focusing in on these features he makes the novel so satisfying that you are left sad to have finished it. "Ice Wind-Dale" is a work of art, in all one thousand and four pages of glory and I would recommend it to anyone.

Effects of Bulliying

Effects of Bullying Have you ever heard about bullying? Do you know people can die because of that? Every year sad stories about people and kids affected by bullying is more common that people think. Statistics show that about two in four kids in the U. S. are bullied on a regular basis. Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior manifested by the use of force to affect others particularly when the behavior is habitual and involves an imbalance of power. Bullying can affect everyone, those who are bullied, those who bully, and those who witness bullying.Nowadays this event is more common in schools. Effects when kids; students, bully others can lead to serious, even deadly, consequences. These effects are withdrawn from society, lose of self-esteem, and try to escape from the situation. Students who are bullied tend to withdraw from society since they start feeling rejected from people. Also, they often stop communicating with parents and friends because they think that no one can hel p them. They normally want to hide this embarrassing situation, which can lead to lying; it’s a way to ignore the problem and try not to think about it.As a result, most of the times they want to be alone. Students can start to feel insecure about themselves. They start losing self-esteem and begin questioning their own personalities. Students start thinking that maybe they deserve this bad treatment. Therefore, they begin to do badly in schools and lower their grades because they may start focusing only in the bully and avoid all around them, like hide and don’t attend to class. Also, their outlook of life may become darker and darker as the bullying continues.As a result, their expectations for life become very poorly. If teens have become damaged by bullying, they may do almost anything to get out of the situation. They may try to escape from their painful reality by engaging in dangerous activities. In that way, they try to feel that they have the control of their pain or they are trying to learn how to control it and start feeling that the bully can’t hurt them again. They also might think about a plan of revenge because they want to transmit the angry and pain that they feel to the bully.But, in the worse cases, students can’t find a way out of their problems and they might start hurting themselves, even committing suicide. When students are victims of bullying there is a strong chance that they will suffer many negative consequences. They start to not communicate with anyone, they always want to be alone, even don’t go to school, and their grades become affected. Consequently, in the worse cases, they commit suicide because of their frustration. They don’t see a way to escape of the bullying.In my opinion, in order to ensure a stable, mature and healthy society, parents need to take a harder look at this negative behavior that hurts not only the bullied student and the bully, but also the family and the society as a whole. References: Bullying. â€Å"Wikipedia†. The free encyclopedia. 08 April 2012. Web. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bullying Bullying Statistic. â€Å"Wikipedia†. The free encyclopedia. 06 April 2012. Web. http://www. bullyingstatistics. org/content/school-bullying-statistics. html

Hart Rudman Commission Report Essay

The U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century, frequently known as the Hart-Rudman Commission after its chairmen, issued its third and final report in January 2001. The bottom-line conclusion is that the primary national security challenge that the United States will face in the next 20 or 30 years will be an attack by an adversary on the American homeland which could produce thousands of casualties. To deal with this threat, the commission calls for a major reorganization of the U.S. national security apparatus. The changed security environment and the changed threat to American society suggest a fundamental rethinking of the organizations designed to achieve national security. Phase 1 – New World Coming: American Security in the 21st Century was the first report completed by the Commission (July 1998 – August 1999). This Report is dedicated to understanding how the world will likely evolve over the next 25 years. It describes global trends in scientific, technological, economic, socio-political and military security domains and the interplay of these developments on U.S. national security. Pro: The nation has a better understanding of the global effects that affecting America; therefore, it helps better preparation the nation to tackle any upcoming obstacles. Con: With the advanced technology development, more dangerous weapons are being developed. Phase 2: Seeking a National Strategy: A Concert for Preserving Security and Promoting Freedom (August 1999 – April 2000). This Report devised a U.S. national security strategy to deal with the world in 2025. The purpose of the Phase II Report is to define an American strategy based on U.S. interests and key objectives. It develops a strategy for America to secure the benefits of a more integrated world to expand freedom, security, and prosperity and to dampen the forces of instability. Pro: The development assisted in strengthens our security to safeguard our  nation. Con: In order to tighten our national security, the general public somewhat has to scarify levels of privacy. Phase 3 – Roadmap for National Security: Imperative for Change (April 2000 – February 2001). This Report recommended significant and comprehensive institutional and procedural changes throughout the Executive and Legislative Branches in order to meet the challenges of 2025. Pro: The creation of the Department of Homeland Security marks a significant step forward for the United States in addressing the threat posed by terrorism within its borders. Con: The recommendation of significant restructuring to re-align government offices, branches, and procedures with the global realities, we are giving more power to the government to change the structure of our nation; how one can be certain this will lead to positive outcome. Reference Lathrop, C., & Eaglen, M. M. The Institute of Land Warfare, (2001). The commission on national security/21st century: A hart-rudman commission primer (NSW 01-2)

Historical Problems on Augusts essays

Historical Problems on Augusts essays Historical Problems in the Original Works on Caesar Augustus As a history student progresses through his/her studies, there reaches a certain point where the student achieves an adequate level of advancement. A history student or any student for that matter, often achieves their primary base of knowledge of past events through modern sources. An advanced history student at one point becomes aware of the subjectivity of modern views of the ancient past. There are often gray areas where the original facts of any given history are questionable. One such subject which contains much ambiguity is the ancient history of Rome. Countless modern sources are available, yet all these modern, or secondary sources base their knowledge on original, or primary sources written nearly two centuries ago. Specifically, the reign of the Roman emperor Augustus, which lasted from 31 BC to 14 AD, contains some elements of ambiguity. While most ancient sources on Augustus are generally accurate for the most part, there are still certain questions that modern scholars debate over. In the following essay, I will present the historical problems relating to the emperor Augustus. While I will try to remain as objective as possible, I will offer my own thoughts or opinions on these ambiguous areas. Any opinions I have below are not completely original ideas, for these questions have been debated thoroughly by modern Roman scholarsa couple of which my opinions are heavily influenced by. I will note the The first historical problem I found is the vagueness on the nature of the relationship between Augustus and Julius Caesar. Caesar was the great uncle of Augustus. Caesar was impressed with Augustus at an early age. Cassius Dio, in his History of Rome claims the following: Caesar....enrolled him among the patricians, and trained him for the rule, carefully educating him in all the...

Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, GA. His birth certificate listed his first name as Michael, but this was later changed to Martin. His Grandfather and then his Father both served as the pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. King graduated from Morehouse College in 1948 with a degree in Sociology. He further received a Bachelors of Divinity in 1951 and then a Ph.D. from Boston College in 1955. It was in Boston where he met and later married Coretta Scott. They had two sons and two daughters together. Becoming a Civil Rights Leader: Martin Luther King, Jr. was appointed the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama in 1954. It was while serving as pastor of the church that Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. This occurred on December 1, 1955. By December 5, 1955, the Montgomery Bus Boycott had begun. Montgomery Bus Boycott: On December 5, 1955, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was unanimously elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association which led the Montgomery Bus Boycott. During this time, African-Americans refused to ride the public bus system in Montgomery. Kings home was bombed due to his involvement. Thankfully his wife and baby daughter who were home at the time were unharmed. King was then arrested in February on the charges of conspiracy. The boycott lasted 382 days. At the end on December 21, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation on public transportation was illegal. Southern Christian Leadership Conference: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was formed in 1957 and King was named its leader. Its goal was to provide leadership and organization in the fight for civil rights. He used the ideas of civil disobedience and peaceful protests based on the writings of Thoreau and the actions of Mohandas Gandhi to lead the organization and the fight against segregation and discrimination. Their demonstrations and activism helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Letter from a Birmingham Jail: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a major part of many nonviolent protests as he helped lead the fight for desegregation and equal rights. He was arrested numerous times. In 1963, numerous sit-ins were staged in Birmingham, Alabama to protest segregation in restaurants and eating facilities. King was arrested during one of these and while he was imprisoned wrote his famous Letter from a Birmingham Jail. In this letter, he argued that only through visible protests would progress be made. He argued that it was an individuals duty to protest and disobey unjust  laws. Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" Speech On August 28, 1963, the March on Washington led by King and other Civil Rights Leaders took place. It was the largest demonstration of its kind in Washington, D.C. up to that time and approximately 250,000 demonstrators were involved. It was during this March that King gave his awe-inspiring I Have a Dream speech while speaking from the Lincoln Memorial. He and the other leaders then met with President John F. Kennedy. They asked for many things including an end to segregation in public schools, greater protections for African-Americans, and more effective civil rights legislation amongst other things. Nobel Peace Prize In 1963, King was named Time Magazines Man of the Year. He had stepped onto the world stage. He met with Pope Paul VI in 1964 and then was honored as the youngest person ever to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. He was awarded this on December 10, 1964, at the age of thirty-five. He gave the entire amount of the prize money to help with the Civil Rights movement. Selma, Alabama On March 7, 1965, a group of protestors attempted a march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery. King was not part of this march because he had wanted to delay its start date until the 8th. However, the march was extremely important because it was met by terrible police brutality that was captured on film. The images of this made a huge impact on those not directly involved in the fight resulting in a public outcry for changes to be made. The March was attempted again, and the protestors successfully made it to Montgomery on March 25, 1965, where they heard King speak at the Capitol. Assassination Between 1965 and 1968, King continued with his protest work and fought for Civil Rights. King became a critic of the War in Vietnam. While speaking from a balcony at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated. The day before he gave a poignant speech where he said, [Gods] allowed me to go up to the mountain. And Ive looked over. And Ive seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. While James Earl Ray was arrested and charged with the assassination, there have been and still are questions to his guilt and whether there was a larger conspiracy at work.

Discussing the continuous relevance and validity of the different Assignment

Discussing the continuous relevance and validity of the different types of FOB contracts under English - Assignment Example In the first type of FOB contract, the buyer arranges for the ship and the seller boards the ship, securing a bill of lading. The second type consists of the seller getting the ship but the legality of the contract remains as in the first contract. In the last type, the seller puts the goods in the ship and gives the buyer a receipt through which he can get a bill of lading2. In the first and the second type of the FOB contracts, the seller is a party to the contract with the buyer becoming a party to the same on endorsement from the seller3. This article will discuss FOB in trying to establish the relevance and validity of FOB in the English common law. The essay will focus on FOB types as the main element of discussion. There will be vast utilization of definitions, sample cases and legal analyses. In English law, FOB contract is generally based on the first type of the contract. The seller is subject to the provision of putting the goods as agreed in the contract on to the ship, and at their expense. This is irrespective of whether the same was agreed on in the initial purchase. The law assumes that such an arrangement would have been done beforehand (Vondraceck, 2011). Basing on the discussed terms of FOB as above, there are responsibilities that belong to the buyers and the sellers, which can be used to explain the relevance of such contracts. A buyer, on paying for the goods, is obliged to nominate a vessel that will deliver the goods, bearing all the risks from the tie the goods are delivered to the ship. The seller is responsible for packaging of the goods as per the agreement and conditions. The seller is responsible for delivery and loading costs of the goods, obtaining a proof of delivery of the item and any other relatable information to the buyer. When such an arrangement is out in place, the buyer reserves his right to rejection of the said goods, if he or she feels that there was a certain breach in the agreed